Breastfeeding's protective role in alleviating breast cancer burden: a comprehensive review.

Breastfeeding, an essential aspect of infant care, has garnered recognition beyond its immediate health benefits, revealing a profound and lasting impact on women's health. Emerging research has unveiled a compelling relationship between breastfeeding and its enduring role in reducing the risk of ovarian cancer. This narrative review aims to comprehensively examine the lifelong impact of breastfeeding on ovarian cancer prevention, transcending infancy and delving into the mechanisms and implications for women's health. Epidemiological evidence consistently demonstrates an inverse association between breastfeeding and the risk of ovarian cancer. Prolonged durations of breastfeeding correlate with a significant reduction in the likelihood of developing ovarian malignancies, underscoring the protective influence of sustained lactation. The mechanisms underlying breastfeeding's impact on ovarian cancer prevention involve hormonal modulation and cellular changes. Breastfeeding contributes to reduced ovulatory cycles and oestrogen exposure, mitigating hormonal influences linked to ovarian cancer development. Moreover, the cellular alterations induced by breastfeeding within the ovarian microenvironment create an environment less conducive to malignant transformations. In conclusion, this paper consolidates evidence demonstrating breastfeeding's enduring impact on reducing ovarian cancer risk. It emphasizes the need for continued research, supportive interventions, and societal engagement to promote breastfeeding practices. Embracing breastfeeding not only provides immediate health benefits but also represents a formidable strategy in lifelong ovarian cancer prevention, offering a promising pathway towards enhanced women's health and well-being.

Lactancia materna en España y factores relacionados con su instauración y mantenimiento: estudio LAyDI (PAPenRed) / Breastfeeding in Spain and the factors related to its establishment and maintenance: LAyDI Study (PAPenRed)

Objetivo: Conocer estadísticas reales sobre lactancia materna en España, así como factores socioculturales y perinatales que afectan a su inicio y mantenimiento. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, longitudinal, de ámbito nacional (estudio LAyDI). Sitio: Consulta de pediatras de atención primaria. Participantes: Cohorte de recién nacidos entre abril de 2017 y marzo de 2018 en España que se siguieron hasta los dos años en ocho visitas. Medidas principales: Se analizaron las tasas de los diferentes tipos de lactancia en cada visita y también se analizaron variables relacionadas con la gestación, el parto, el período neonatal, sociales, económicas y biológicas. Resultados: Muestra inicial de 1.946 (50,1% varones). El 90,7% decidieron iniciar lactancia materna al nacimiento. La cifra de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) fue del 66,4% a los 15días y del 35,2% a los 6meses. Cualquier tipo de lactancia materna (lactancia materna total [LMT]) a los 6meses fue del 61,7%. La supervivencia de LMT presentó una mediana de 6,0meses (IC95%: 6,0-6,1). Variables relacionadas con LME a los 15días: hijos previos, nivel de educación de madre, ausencia de enfermedad durante el embarazo, no separación madre e hijo al nacer, no utilización de chupete, no existencia de problemas en pezones, y momento de decisión tipo lactancia. Variables relacionadas con mayor duración LMT son: la relación mayor de 5años de los padres, no usar de chupete, colecho al mes de vida, decidir lactancia materna antes del embarazo, recibir información sobre lactancia durante el embarazo y utilizar apoyo de asociaciones. Conclusiones: El abandono temprano de la lactancia materna es un problema importante en las sociedades occidentales. Existen factores sobre los que se puede actuar para mejorar resultados.(AU)

Objective: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance. Design: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). Site: Primary care paediatricians’ office. Participants: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits. Main measures: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed. Results: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15days and 35.2% at 6months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0months (95%CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15days: previous children, mother's level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations. Conclusions: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.(AU)

[Breastfeeding in Spain and the factors related to its establishment and maintenance: LAyDI Study (PAPenRed)]. / Lactancia materna en España y factores relacionados con su instauración y mantenimiento: estudio LAyDI (PAPenRed).

OBJECTIVE: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance. DESIGN: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). SITE: Primary care paediatricians' office. PARTICIPANTS: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits. MAIN MEASURES: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed. RESULTS: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15days and 35.2% at 6months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0months (95%CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15days: previous children, mother's level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations. CONCLUSIONS: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.

Associations of reproductive and breastfeeding history with anti-Müllerian hormone concentration among African-American women of reproductive age.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Are gravidity, parity and breastfeeding history associated with anti-Müllerian hormone concentration among African-American women of reproductive age? DESIGN: This study included baseline data from the Study of the Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids, a 5-year longitudinal study of African-American women. Within this community cohort, data from 1392 women aged 25-35 years were analysed. The primary outcome was serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration measured using the Ansh Labs picoAMH assay, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate mean differences in anti-Müllerian hormone concentration (ß) and 95% CI by self-reported gravidity, parity and breastfeeding history, with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of the 1392 participants, 1063 had a history of gravidity (76.4%). Of these, 891 (83.8%) were parous and 564 had breastfed. Multivariable-adjusted regression analyses found no appreciable difference in anti-Müllerian hormone concentration between nulligravid participants and those with a history of gravidity (ß = -0.025, 95% CI -0.145 to 0.094). Among participants with a history of gravidity, there was little difference in anti-Müllerian hormone concentration between parous and nulliparous participants (ß = 0.085, 95% CI -0.062 to 0.232). There was also little association between anti-Müllerian hormone concentration and breastfeeding history (ever versus never: ß = 0.009, 95% CI -0.093 to 0.111) or duration of breastfeeding (per 1-month increase: ß = -0.002, 95% CI -0.010 to 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Gravidity, parity and breastfeeding history were not meaningfully associated with anti-Müllerian hormone concentration in this large sample of the Study of the Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids cohort.

Predictors for the duration of breastfeeding among ethiopia women of childbearing age with babies; application of accelerate failure time and parametric shared frailty models.

INTRODUCTION: Duration of breastfeeding is the length of the time that infants who were initially breastfed continue to receive breast milk until weaning. The duration of breastfeeding is important for a child's health, growth, and development. However, the duration of breastfeeding decreases from time to time and further leads children to be exposed to malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and weight loss). Children who did not get enough breastfeeding are also exposed to different diseases. Previous studies used a simple survival model and didn't see the shared frailty model on the variable of interest. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding among Ethiopian women of reproductive age with babies. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was conducted on 15,400 women of childbearing age with babies in nine regional states and two city administrations. The data source for the analysis was the 2016 EDHS data. The Cox-proportional hazard model, AFT, and parametric shared frailty models were conducted for the current investigation. Weibull-gamma shared frailty model was in favor of others for current data analysis. RESULTS: Among the covariates, women living in urban area (Φ = 0.96; 95% CI; (0.94,0.97); p-value = 0.001), non-educated women(Φ = 1.03; 95% CI; (1.00,1.06); p-value = 0.039), primary educated women (Φ = 1.13; 95% CI; (1.11,1.15); p-value < 0.001), age of a child (Φ = 0.99; 95% CI; (0.76.0.99); p-value < 0.001) and non-smoker mothers (Φ = 1.60; 95% CI; (1.57, 1.63); p-value < 0.001),birth interval between 2-3 years(Φ = 1.02; 95% CI;(1.09, 1.25, p-value = 0.027), birth interval, > 3 years(Φ = 1.28; 95% CI; (1.06, 1.43); p-value < 0.01 significantly affected the duration of breastfeeding. The median survival time of breastfeeding of women of reproductive age with babies considered under study was 23.4 months. Clustering had a significant effect on the variable of interest. CONCLUSION: Residence area, level of education, age of the child, smoking status of women, and birth interval of successive birth significantly affected the duration of breastfeeding in the current investigation. Hence, the health staff should conduct health-related education for young women, educated women, urban women, smoker women, and women with a shorter interval of birth to increase the women's attitude and awareness towards the use of long-duration of breastfeeding.

Factors associated with duration of breastfeeding in Bangladesh: evidence from Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2014.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding for optimum duration is one of the most effective ways to reduce infant morbidity and mortality and confirms expected growth and development of children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of socio-demographic and anthropometric determinants on duration of breastfeeding (DB) among mothers in Bangladesh. METHODS: The data was extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2014. A total of 3541 married non-pregnant and currently non-breastfeeding Bangladeshi mothers in reproductive age who had at least one child aged 6-36 months were included in this study. Independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to find the significance difference in DB between two and more than two groups respectively. Multiple linear regression model was utilized to determine the effect of socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric and health related variables on DB. RESULTS: This study revealed that the mean and median of DB among Bangladeshi mothers were 18.91 (95% CI: 18.65-19.17) and 19.00 months respectively. Independent sample t-test and ANOVA showed that DB among Bangladeshi mothers was significantly influenced by (i) ANC visits, (ii) religion, (iii) mode of delivery, (iv) place of delivery, (v) parents' education, (vi) geographical location, (vii) mothers' occupation and (viii) household wealth quintile. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that mothers' age, total number of children, mothers' age at first birth, ANC visits, mothers' occupation and geographical location were important predictors of DB. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers and decision makers can consider these findings to make plan for counseling of mothers and family members to promote optimum DB practice in first 2 years of baby's life.

Breastfeeding but not Exclusively: Exploration of Chinese American Mothers' Infant Feeding Practices.

BACKGROUND: Previous qualitative researchers have shown that Chinese American mothers experienced high rates of suboptimal breastfeeding, especially early introduction of other foods before the recommended 6-month period of exclusive breastfeeding. RESEARCH AIMS: (1) To explore attitudes that Chinese American mothers have about the meaning and practice of exclusive breastfeeding; (2) to evaluate the extent of family pressure and support to maintain exclusive breastfeeding; and (3) to examine the influence of breastfeeding self-efficacy and the intention to continue exclusive breastfeeding. METHOD: Guided by the theory of planned behavior, this descriptive cross-sectional prospective online survey was conducted with Chinese American breastfeeding mothers (N = 401). Participants' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control for exclusive breastfeeding behaviors were measured. RESULTS: The M (SD) age of participants was 29.14 (SD = 6.90). Just over 50% reported receiving family support for exclusive breastfeeding. While participants had positive attitudes about exclusive breastfeeding and the value of colostrum, 64% (n = 257) had already introduced foods other than mother's own milk before their infant was 6-months old. Participants also expressed concern that their infants did not receive enough nutrition from exclusive mother's milk. Participants with more than one child had significantly greater intention to continue exclusive breastfeeding compared to participants with only one child. Perception of approval by others for exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding self-efficacy were significantly related to behavioral intention to continue exclusive breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Suboptimal infant feeding is a problem for Chinese American women and may also be a problem for mothers in other ethnic groups. We found a lack of adherence with standard recommendations for sustaining 6-months of exclusive breastfeeding.

Trends and factors associated to early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in Ethiopia: evidence from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016.

BACKGROUND: Initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth, exclusive breastfeeding, and continuous breastfeeding for at least 2 years lower the risk of newborn deaths. This study was conducted to examine the trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in Ethiopia. METHODS: Data for this study were extracted from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A total of 5122 children were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, and Cox proportional hazards model were fitted to find the factors associated with breastfeeding practices. Reported p - values < 0.05 or a 95% Confidence Interval of Odds Ratio/Hazard Ratio excluding one was considered as significant association with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, duration of breastfeeding and independent variables. RESULTS: About 81.8% of the children initiated breastfeeding within 1 h of birth and during the day before an interview, 47% were exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months. The median duration of breastfeeding was 22 months (22 ± 0.50 months 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 21.01-22.99). Rural residents (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% CI 0.51, 0.99), mothers with no antenatal follow up (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57, 0.99), caesarean birth (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66, 0.96) and home delivery were associated with low initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h of birth. Mothers with no/primary education (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40, 0.96), no baby postnatal checkup (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39, 0.73), average/larger size of a child at birth (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65, 0.99) and deliveries outside of health centers were significantly associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding at the time of the interview. Further, mothers living in Amhara (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.05, 1.64), Oromia (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04, 1.54), and Benishangul-Gumuz (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09, 1.65) regions had a longer duration of breastfeeding while Muslims, employed mothers, multiple births and poor economic level of households were associated with shorter durations of breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Rural residence, female sex, home delivery, caesarean birth, small birthweight baby and large family size were associated with late initiation of breastfeeding. Living in Affar, Somali, and Harari, primary education level of mothers, giving birth outside of health facilities, no antenatal care follow up, and no postnatal check-up were associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding, while younger age mothers, Muslims, giving birth outside of health facilities, and employed mothers were associated with shorter time to cessation of breastfeeding. Providing health education and counseling for mothers during and after pregnancy should be encouraged.

Duration of breastfeeding and psychomotor development in 1-year-old children - Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between breastfeeding duration and child neurodevelopment based on the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The current analysis included 501 mother-child pairs. The analysis evaluating the association between the length of breastfeeding and child neurodevelopment considered the following variables: maternal age and body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy, parental level of education, marital status, socioeconomic status, child gender, birthweight, type of delivery, preterm delivery, pre- and postnatal exposure to tobacco constituents and child day care attendance. Psychomotor development was assessed in 1-year-olds on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. RESULTS: The length of breastfeeding correlated positively with maternal age at delivery (ρ = 0.13), maternal and paternal level of education (ρ = 0.2 and ρ = 0.14 respectively), birthweight (ρ = 0.1) and marital status (ρ = 0.16) (p < 0.05). A negative correlation between the length of breastfeeding and maternal smoking status during the first year after delivery (ρ = -0.19) and weight gain during pregnancy (r = -0.1) was observed (p < 0.05). The association between the duration of breastfeeding and child development was not statistically significant in the model with the inclusion of confounding variables. A significant association between language development and maternal level of education (p = 0.004), gender of the child (p = 0.0007) and maternal weight gain during pregnancy (p = 0.01) was found. A negative association between cognitive development and maternal salivary cotinine during pregnancy (p = 0.03) and a negative association between motor development and maternal smoking status during the first year after delivery (p = 0.007) were also found. CONCLUSIONS: This study found no significant association between the duration of breastfeeding and child development after adjustment for confounders. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(2):175-84.

Impact of support networks for breastfeeding: A multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: The rates of breastfeeding worldwide are slowly improving since 1996. Europe is still trailing behind the global breastfeeding incidence and prevalence rates. Thus, breastfeeding promotion, protection, prolongation and support have become an important challenge as breastfeeding sharply decreases in the first six months of life. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this project is to determine, assess and identify the real impact of breastfeeding support networks in Murcia (Spain). METHODS: After searching unsuccessfully for a validated questionnaire, a specific one was developed and validated for measuring the impact of formal and informal support networks through five dimensions: satisfaction, consultation, experience, problems and support. The questionnaire was provided to 500 mothers with experience in breastfeeding, who brought their children to baby paediatricians between 2 June and 27 November 2014. Upon completion of the survey and fieldwork, a detailed statistical analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The degree of satisfaction perceived by the users of the services of support breastfeeding networks is remarkable. In addition, mothers who clarified their doubts and discussed their problems with health professionals and/or breastfeeding support networks were more likely to breastfeed for a longer duration compared to those who did not (p=0.005). Furthermore, mothers who sought support in breastfeeding are more likely to breastfeed for more than 6 months (p<0.0005). CONCLUSION: Based on this information, we conclude that breastfeeding support networks have a positive influence in the duration of a women's decision to breastfeed.

[Relationship of infant feeding on childhood obesity. A literature review]. / A csecsemokori táplálás összefüggése a gyermekkori elhízással. Irodalmi áttekintés.

The increasing frequency of childhood obesity is a serious public health concern. Today it is recognized that the infant feeding during critical periods of early human development ("the first 1000 days") can be a long-term impact for future health. Authors deal with with the infant period of the first 1000 days of life starting from the conception, based on literature review. Since 2010 a large number of publications have appeared in which the relationship between infant feeding, early weight gain and later obesity are investigated. The majority of studies have demonstrated, that breastfeeding has a marked effect on early growth and reduces the risk of obesity in the long-term. The health benefits of breastfeeding over infant formula feeding are accepted, however, the relationship between infant feeding and later obesity, there is no clear consensus in the literature. The authors investigated this contradiction reviewing the newly published articles over the last few years. In summary they established, that duration of breastfeeding for at least 4 months have an important role in lowering of childhood adiposity risk. The different or ambiguous statements in the relevant publications can be explained by the fact that the development and the prevention of obesity are multifactorial. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(24): 938-943.

Direct vs. Expressed Breast Milk Feeding: Relation to Duration of Breastfeeding.

BACKGROUND: Studies examining direct vs. expressed breast milk feeding are scarce. We explored the predictors of mode of breastfeeding and its association with breastfeeding duration in a multi-ethnic Asian population. METHODS: We included 541 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs from the Growing Up in Singapore Toward healthy Outcomes cohort. Mode of breastfeeding (feeding directly at the breast, expressed breast milk (EBM) feeding only, or mixed feeding (a combination of the former 2 modes)) was ascertained at three months postpartum. Ordinal logistic regression analyses identified predictors of breast milk expression. Cox regression models examined the association between mode of breastfeeding and duration of any and of full breastfeeding. RESULTS: Maternal factors independently associated with a greater likelihood of breast milk expression instead of direct breastfeeding were Chinese (vs. Indian) ethnicity, (adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI; 3.41, 1.97-5.91), tertiary education (vs. secondary education or lower) (2.22, 1.22-4.04), primiparity (1.54, 1.04-2.26) and employment during pregnancy (2.53, 1.60-4.02). Relative to those who fed their infants directly at the breast, mothers who fed their infants EBM only had a higher likelihood of early weaning among all mothers who were breastfeeding (adjusted hazard ratio, 95% CI; 2.20, 1.61-3.02), and among those who were fully breastfeeding (2.39, 1.05-5.41). Mothers who practiced mixed feeding, however, were not at higher risk of earlier termination of any or of full breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers who fed their infants EBM exclusively, but not those who practiced mixed feeding, were at a higher risk of terminating breastfeeding earlier than those who fed their infants directly at the breast. More education and support are required for women who feed their infants EBM only.

El inicio precoz de la lactancia materna se ve favorecido por la realización de la educación maternal / Early initiation of breastfeeding is benefited by maternal education program

OBJETIVO: Determinar la influencia de la educación maternal (EM) sobre el inicio precoz de la lactancia materna (LM) y su mantenimiento hasta los dos meses de vida del recién nacido. Conocer la influencia de la EM sobre los motivos que argumenta la mujer para abandonar la LM. MÉTODO: Estudio multicéntrico observacional llevado a cabo en cuatro hospitales de Andalucía en 2011 sobre mujeres primíparas. Los datos se recogieron a través de una entrevista y la historia clínica. En el análisis se estimaron odds ratios crudas y ajustadas. RESULTADOS: La realización de EM por parte de la madre se asoció con el inicio precoz de la LM (ORa = 1.78, IC 95% = 1.14-2.78) y el mantenimiento de esta (ORa = 1.73, IC 95% = 1.15-2.61). No hubo diferencias en los motivos que las mujeres argumentaron para abandonar la LM. CONCLUSIONES: La EM favorece el inicio y mantenimiento de la LM.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of maternal education (ME) on early initiation of breastfeeding (BF) and its maintenance during the first two months of the infant's life, as well as to understand the influence of ME on the reasons for BF discontinuation. METHOD: This was a multicenter observational study carried out with primiparous women in four hospitals of Andalucía during 2011. Data was collected through interviews and from clinical charts. Raw and adjusted odds ratios were estimated during the analysis. RESULTS: Mothers who attended ME classes showed early initiation of BF (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.14-2.78) and maintenance of BF (aOR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.15-2.61). There were no differences related to women's reasons to discontinue BF. CONCLUSIONS: ME positively impacts the initiation and maintenance of BF.